The Brown Scapular
By Plinio Maria Solimeo
One day, a long time ago, walking the
streets of Rome, three outstanding men of God bumped into one another.
Friar Dominic of Guzman was recruiting members for the Order of
Preachers, later known as the “Dominicans,” which he had founded.
Brother Francis of Assisi, the Poverello, had just
brought together some men to serve what he called Lady Poverty. The
third, Friar Angel, had come from Mount Carmel in Palestine, and was
called to Rome because he was a great preacher.
Illuminated by the Holy Ghost, the three recognized one another, and
during the conversation made many prophecies. Saint Angel, for example,
predicted God would give Saint Francis the stigmata. And Saint Dominic
prophesied, “One day, Brother Angel, the Blessed Mother will give your
Carmelite Order a devotion that will be known as the Brown Scapular, and
to my Order of Preachers a devotion that will be called the Rosary. And
one day she will save the world through the Rosary and the Scapular.”
On the spot where that meeting took place, a chapel was built which exists in Rome to this day.1
Mother and Splendor of Carmel
It
was on the celebrated Mount Carmel, on the coast of Palestine, that
Saint Elias, the “Prophet of Fire,” saw the little cloud that, in a
period of great drought, was a forerunning sign that a redeeming rain
would fall upon the parched earth.
Through a supernatural intuition he figured that the simple cloud, in
the form of a human footprint, symbolized that blessed woman, later
mentioned by Prophet Isaiah in chapter 7, verse 14 (“Behold a virgin
will conceive, and bear a child . . . .”), who would be the Mother of
the Redeemer.
From her virginal bosom would come He who, washing with His blood the
earth dried out by sin, would open the life of grace for mankind.
According to tradition, the Order of Carmel, of which Mary is the
Mother and splendor, was born from the followers of Elias and his
successors.
And, in Isaias’ words, “[T]he glory of Libanus is given to it: the beauty of Carmel, and Saron” (Is. 35:2).
From Palestine, the hermits of Mount Carmel moved to Europe, laying
down roots in several countries, including England, where Saint Simon
Stock lived.
Saint Simon Stock: Noble and Holy
Saint Simon was born in 1165 in the castle of Harford, in Kent,
England, thanks to the prayers of pious parents who were both very
virtuous and from the highest nobility. Some authors believe they were
related to the royal family.
His mother consecrated him to the Blessed Mother before he was born.
Before breastfeeding him, in gratitude for her happy delivery and asking
special protection for her son, the young mother would offer him to the
Virgin Mary and say three Hail Marys on her knees. What a beautiful
attitude by such a noble lady!
The boy learned to read at a very tender age. Like his parents, he
began to pray the Little Office of Our Lady, and soon also the Psalter.
At the age of seven, the young genius started to study fine arts at
Oxford College and was so successful that his professors were surprised.
At that time he also received his First Communion and consecrated his
virginity to the Blessed Mother.
Persecuted by his envious older brother, and heeding an interior
voice that gave Saint Simon a desire to leave the world, at the age of
twelve he left home and found refuge in a forest where he lived entirely
alone for twenty years in prayer and penance.
The Carmelite Order
Our
Lady then manifested to Saint Simon her wish that he join some monks
who were to come to England from Mount Carmel in Palestine, “especially
because those religious had been consecrated to the Mother of God in a
special way.” Simon thus left his solitude and, obeying another order
from Heaven, studied theology and received Holy Orders.
He devoted himself to preaching until 1213, when two Carmelite friars
finally arrived. He was then able to receive the habit of the Order in
Aylesford.
In 1215, as the fame of Saint Simon’s virtues reached the ears of
Saint Brocardo, Latin General of the Carmelite Order, he wished to make
Simon lieutenant general of the Order. In 1226, Saint Brocardo appointed
Saint Simon vicar-general of all Carmelite provinces in Europe.
Saint Simon had to face a real storm unleashed against the Carmelites
in Europe, which the devil raised with men supposedly zealous for
Church laws. On various pretexts, those men wanted at all cost to
suppress the entire Order. But the pope issued a bull declaring the
existence of the Carmelite Order to be legitimate and in accordance with
the Lateran decrees, and allowed it to continue to establish new houses
in Europe.
In 1237, Saint Simon participated in the General Chapter of the Order
in the Holy Land. In 1245, in a new chapter, he was elected the sixth
prior-general of the Carmelites.
The Great Promise: You Will Not Go Into the Fire of Hell
If the papal bull had momentarily placated the wrath of the enemies
of Carmel, it did not stop it completely. After a period of calm, the
persecution started again with more intensity.
Devoid of human aid, Saint Simon resorted to the Blessed Mother with
all the sadness of his heart, asking her to help his beleaguered Order
and to send a sign of her alliance with it.
In the morning of July 16, 1251, he was begging in earnest the Mother
of Carmel for her protection, reciting a beautiful prayer he had
composed, Flos Carmeli.2 As he reported to his secretary and confessor, Father Peter Swayngton, suddenly,
the Virgin appeared
to me with a great retinue, and, having the habit of the Order in her
hand, told me, “Receive, My beloved son, this habit of thy order: this
shall be to thee and to all Carmelites a privilege, that whosoever dies
clothed in this shall never suffer eternal fire . . . . It shall be a
sign of salvation, a protection in danger, and a pledge of peace.
Whoever dies clothed in this Scapular will not suffer eternal fire.”3
That most special grace was immediately distributed in places where
the Carmelites were established and confirmed by many miracles to such
an extent that the enemies of the Brothers of the Most Holy Virgin of
Mount Carmel were silenced.
Saint Simon attained old age and extremely high holiness, working
many miracles, and also receiving the gift of tongues. He surrendered
his soul to God on May 16, 1265.
The Sabbatine Privilege: Free of Purgatory on the First Saturday After Death
In addition to this special grace of eternal salvation, connected
with the Scapular, Our Lady gave another, which became known as the
Sabbatine Privilege. The following century, on March 3, 1322, she
appeared to Pope John XXII, communicating to those who wear her
scapular, “As a tender mother, I will descend into Purgatory on the
Saturday after their death and will deliver them and bring them to the
holy mountain, into the happy sojourn of life everlasting.”4
What are, then, the specific promises of Our Lady?
1. Whoever dies clothed with the Scapular, will not suffer the fire of Hell.
What did Our Lady mean with these words? First, on making this
promise, Mary does not mean that a person who dies in mortal sin will be
saved. Death in mortal sin and condemnation are the same thing. Mary’s
promise undoubtedly translates into these words, “Whoever dies clothed
in this Scapular, will not die in mortal sin.” To make that clear, the
Church often adds the word “piously” to the pledge, “He who dies piously
will not suffer the fire of Hell.”5
2. Our Lady will free from Purgatory the person wearing her Scapular on the first Saturday after his or her death.
Although this privilege is often interpreted literally, that is, the
person will be freed from Purgatory on the first Saturday after his or
her death, “everything that the Church has officially stated on several
occasions to explain these words, is that those who fulfill the
conditions of the Sabbatine Privilege, through the intercession of Our
Lady, will be freed from Purgatory shortly after death, and especially
on Saturday.”6
In
any case, if we are faithful in observing the words of the Blessed
Mother, she will be much more faithful in observing her own, as shown in
the following example:
During the preaching of some missions, a
young man who was touched by grace decided to quit his life of sin and
receive the Scapular. Some time later he lapsed again into disorderly
passions and became even worse. Nevertheless, he kept wearing the holy
Scapular.
Being the mother that she is, the Most
Holy Virgin struck him down with a serious illness. During his illness
the young man dreamed that he found himself before the most just
tribunal of God, Who condemned him to eternal damnation for his perfidy
and his wretched life.
In vain did the hapless young man argue with the Supreme Judge that he was wearing the Scapular of His Holy Mother.
“And where are the customs that match this Scapular?” God asked him.
Not knowing what to answer, the unfortunate young man turned to Our Lady.
“I cannot undo what my Son has done,” she answered.
“But, Madam!” The young man exclaimed, “I will change!”
“Do you promise?”
“Yes.”
“Live then.”
At that point the patient awakened
frightened to death by what he had seen and heard, and resolved
thenceforth to wear Mary’s Scapular with greater seriousness. Indeed, he
was healed and joined the Order of Premonstratensians. And after an
edifying life, he surrendered his soul to God, as the chronicles of the
Order narrate.7
The Scapular and Fatima
Is the Scapular related to Fatima in any way?
Yes. After the last appearance of Our Lady at Cova da Iria, the seers
saw three different scenes. In the first, the Mother of God appeared as
Our Lady of the Rosary, standing by Saint Joseph and holding the Child
Jesus on her lap. Then, she appeared as Our Lady of Sorrows, by the
painful Christ on His way to Calvary. And finally, she appeared in
glory, crowned as Queen of Heaven and Earth, as Our Lady of Carmel, with
the Scapular in her hand.
“Why do you think Our Lady appeared with the Scapular in that last vision?” Lucia was asked in 1950.
“That’s because Our Lady wants everyone to wear the Scapular,” she replied.
“And this is why the Rosary and the Scapular, the oldest, most
privileged, universal and valuable Marian sacramentals are more
important today than in any past period in history.”8
Origin and Historical Evolution of the Scapular
Both
the Scapular (from the Latin scapulae, shoulders), and the monastic
habit and liturgical vestments developed from lay clothing.
Over time, the monastic Scapular evolved until the twelfth century
when it attained its present form, becoming an integral part of almost
all monastic habits, including the Carmelite one. But it did not have
the meaning that it later acquired, as we shall see.
With the development of the First Orders (monks or friars), there
arose the Second Orders (nuns), and then the Third Orders or Oblates,
formed by single or married lay people living with their families.
Members of the Third Orders were bound to the First Orders by vows or
promises according to their state, and participated in the spiritual
benefits of the Order.
These Third Order members received a simpler religious habit, which
they wore every day or, more commonly, only on Sundays and religious
feast days.
Later came the Confraternities for lay people unable to join the Third Orders.
According to Father MarÃa Simón Besalduch, the Confraternity of Our Lady of Carmel is as old as the Scapular.
The Scapular Protects a Young Lady from the Devil
A young lady went to confession to the Cure of Ars, Saint John Vianney.
Before she began her confession, Saint John Vianney said to her,
“Remember a few days ago in the ballroom a good-looking young man who
danced with all the girls but you? And you felt ashamed? And remember
you saw sparks coming off his feet when he left? Know that it was the
devil in human form, and the only reason he didn’t dance with you is
because you were wearing the Scapular. Thank the Blessed Mother for
that.”
Notes:
1. Cf. John Haffert, Maria na sua promessa do Escapulário (Edições Carmelo, Aveiro, Portugal, 1967), 265–266.
2.
In Latin, that beautiful prayer says, “Flos Carmeli, Vitis florigera,
Splendor Coeli, Virgo puerpera, Singularis; Mater mitis, sede viri
nescia. Carmelitis da privilegia, Stella maris!” (Flower of Carmel,
blossoming vine, Splendor of Heaven, incomparable and singular Virgin! O
loving and ever virgin Mother, give Carmelites the privileges of thy
protection, of Star of the Sea!).
3. Monsignor Paul Guérin, Les Petits Bollandistes (Bloud et Barral, Paris, 1882), 592.
4.
Father Simón Ma. Besalduch, OCD, Enciclopedia del Escapulario del
Carmen (Luis Gili Editor, LibrerÃa Católica Internacional, Barcelona,
1931), 243-293.5. John Haffert, supra note 1, at 34.
6. Id. at 112.
7. Father Simón Ma. Besalduch, OCD, supra note 4, at 167.
8. John Haffert, supra note 1, at 269, 272.